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Showing posts with label orthropaedic diseases. Show all posts

Showing posts with label orthropaedic diseases. Show all posts

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

In This Article You Will Known Real Secondary bone cancer or metastatic bone cancer means cancer or it is cells that are spread to the bone from other part of body cancer secondary bone cancer are more common than the primary bone cancer real secondary bone cancer are second causes of pathological bone fractures after osteoporosis
what are the common organs give real secondary or metastatic bone cancer

any cancer in the body can spread to the bone but in adults most common organ are those that arise from the paired midline organs
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis:

Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Kidney cancer
thyroid cancer
Multiple myeloma

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis
In children there are two main cancers which can spread to the bone they are

Neuroblastoma
wilms tumor or nephroblastomSecondary bone cancer usually are multifocal but thyroid and kidney cancer tend to produce solitary or single lesions, Secondary bone cancer has three form either bone destruction like osteoclast bone cell called (lytic lesion) seen in breast ,lung multiple myeloma, kidney and thyroid cancers or bone formation like osteoblast bone cell called blastic or (sclerotic lesion ) seen in prostate and breast cancers or mixed form both types seen in breast and lung cancers
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Fixation of bone fractures can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fixation

Definition
Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin ,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience
Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view
Internal fixation requires careful preplanning and the best surgery is performed if the fractures are drawn out on stencils first, and the problems of reduction and obtaining mechanical stability planned in advance

Soft-tissue dissection should be kept to a minimum but must be adequate to obtain a clear view and access

BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

This section will be including the fractures bone of the upper and lower limbs bone tumors including cancer and benign tumors and bone diseases and classification of bone fractures and how it is healed and how it is diagnosis and how it be treated and bone fractures complications

Fractures and diseases of the upper limb

HOW FRACTURED BONE HEALED AND UNION

HOW FRACTURED BONE HEALED AND UNION

When the bone become fractured there are many mechanism or pathophysiology process which start after the bone become fractured to allow it to become healed as follow

When a bone break there is disruption of periosteum, cortical bone trabecular bone and the blood vessels which run in the periosteum and the medulla

There is haemorrhage and immediate release of cytokines this signals to cells locally that damage has occurred

EXPLAINING EXTERNAL FIXATION OF BONE FRACTURED

EXPLAINING EXTERNAL FIXATION OF BONE FRACTURED

There are two types of bone fixation

Internal fixation and external fixation

Internal fixation see here

External fixation

Are those where the mechanical strength of the construct is outside the skin or fixation of fracture outside the skin

Is an alternative way to holding a fracture is to insert pins and wires into the bone on each side of the fracture, and to attach these to an external frame that provides the structural integrity

Fixators can be as simple as a set of pins incorporated into a plaster through single- and double-bar fixators or as complex as ring fixators holding the bone through tension wires

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURED BONE

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURED BONE

Types of fixation

Fixation can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fixation

Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin

,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience

Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view

EXPLAINING COMMON MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

EXPLAINING COMMON MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

Common primary malignant bone tumours

Are osteosarcoma , chondrosarcoma , Ewing,s sarcoma , adamantinoma , malignant fibrous histocytoma , lymphoma , myeloma

Osteosarcoma: second commonest primary malignant bone tumour, aggressive and metastasising, affecting the young

Chondrosarcoma: third commonest primary malignant bone tumour

Ewing's sarcoma: second commonest primary bone tumour in children

EXPLAINING OF MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

EXPLAINING OF MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

Introduction

The malignant tumours of the bones are divided into primary malignant bones tumours which arise from the bones and these are rare tumours and secondary bones tumous which arise due to metastasis from other organs and these are commoner than primary bones tumours

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

Definition of osteoarthritis

Is a non inflammatory disorder of movable joints which affected any synovial joints and affected both bone and cartilage and characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and formation of new bone at the joint surfaces and margins this disorder is also known as degenerative joint disease

Causes of osteoarthritis AO

There are two types of osteoarthritis primary and secondary osteoarthritis

EXPLAINING OF SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

EXPLAINING OF SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

Symptoms and signs of osteoarthritis

Symptoms of osteoarthritis AO

Pain of osteoarthritis: is characterized by dull aching pain poorly localized up till severe pain may awake patient during sleep the pain increase with activity as with joint movement and using and the pain relieved by rest the pain increase at the end of the day the pain may occur with minimal motion and even at rest the pain may become sharp due to muscle spasm around the joint the pain worse by exercise
Joint stiffness: limited stiffness on awakening in the morning and after a periods of inactivity during the day is common as the joint is limbered up the patient feel better
If the patient sits down for any length of time pain may develop after the commencement of activity
patients may complains from locking episodes and joint loosen as in loose bodies or meniscal tear
Limitation of motion or movement :often involving loss of extension and flexion
In the hip joint :patient usually maintain 90 degree of flexion but lose most abduction and internal and external rotation

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS

Introduction

Benign tumors means it is not malignant not cancer not spread or invasion to other organs not causes serious problems like cancers rare to recur after complete excision sometimes the benign tumors acts as locally malignant tumors in some aggressive benign tumors and can recur after excision but they don not spread or metastasis to other structures
The benign bone tumors are more common than malignant bone tumors
The benign bone tumors are common to occurs in children and young age this related to bone growth at this age

EXPLAINING OF SECONDARY BONE CANCER

EXPLAINING OF SECONDARY BONE CANCER

Introduction

Secondary bone cancer or metastatic bone cancer means cancer or it is cells that are spread to the bone from other part of body cancer

secondary bone cancer are more common than the primary bone cancer

secondary bone cancer are second causes of pathological bone fractures after osteoporosis

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OR CANCERS OF THE BONES

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OR CANCERS OF THE BONES

Introduction

The malignant tumours of the bones are divided into primary malignant bones tumours which arise from the bones and these are rare tumours and secondary bones tumous which arise due to metastasis from other organs and these are commoner than primary bones tumours

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT

Introduction and anatomy

Fractures or broken the bones of the foot in order to understanding these fractures it should be first known the anatomy or structures of the bones of the foot as follow

Bones of the foot

The bones of the foot consists of three parts which are the tarsal bones metatarsals bones and phalanges of the toes

FRACTURES AND SPRAINS OF THE ANKLE

FRACTURES AND SPRAINS OF THE ANKLE

Introduction and anatomy

fractures of the ankle means broken bones involved in the composition of ankle joint and also ligaments

the ankle joint is consists of three bones which are the two bones of the leg( lower end of tibia by its medial malleolus and and lower end of the fibula by its lateral malleolus) and the talus bone by its body which is bone of the foot the ankle joint is hinge joint like any hinge joint it is become weak anterior (infront ) and posterior (from the back)and strong laterally (from outside) and medially( from inside) by it is ligaments attachment

COMPLICATIONS OF BONES FRACTURES

COMPLICATIONS OF BONES FRACTURES

Fractures complications of the bones are many and very important to be known which will be discussed as follow these complications can be classified into the following items early general and early local complications and late general and late local complications

METACARPALS AND PHALANGES FRACTURES

METACARPALS AND PHALANGES FRACTURES

Introduction and anatomy

Metacarpals bones

there are five metacarpal bones in each hand the metacarpus has shaft distal and proximal end
The thumb metacarpal is shorter and thicker than the other. Its base has a saddle -shaped facet for the trapezium. The convex facet on its bead is not so prominently The remaining four metacarpals show expanded bases by which they articulate with the distal row of carpal bones and with each other. The middle metacarpal shows a prominent styloid process that projects

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CARPUS BONE OR WRIST

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CARPUS BONE OR WRIST
Introduction and anatomy

BONES OF THE HAND

The articulated bones of the hand are made up of a carpus (eight bones), five metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the five digits The eight carpal bones articulated together form a semi circk, the convexity of which is proximal and articulates with the forearm. The diameter of the semicircles distal and

TIBIAL SHAFT WITH OR WITHOUT FIBULAR FRACTURES

TIBIAL SHAFT WITH OR WITHOUT FIBULAR FRACTURES

Introduction and anatomy

The tibia and fibula are the the bones of the leg which extended from the knee above to ankle below the tibia is more big than fibula the tibia is the medial bone but fibula is lateral one the tibia has shaft upper and lower end it is alone articulates with the femur at the knee joint the upper end has medial and lateral condyles the tuberosity of the tibia is at upper end of the

ACETABULAR FRACTURES

ACETABULAR FRACTURES

In order to understanding the acetabular fractures it should be first known the anatomy of the acetabulum

Anatomy of the acetabulum

The acetabulum may be considered as an anterior column and wall and a posterior column and wall. The anterior column comprises the anterior part of the iliac wing extending down to include the anterior half of the acetabulum and anterior wall and around to the superior pubic ramus and pubic tubercle .the posterior column comprises the posterior half of the acetabulum the bone running back to the greater and lesser sciatic notch, and the bone running down to the ischium and the ischial tuberosity. The posterior wall abuts the centre of the posteriors column. these columns come together in an inverted Y with the dome of the acetabulum at the apex The classification of fractures is based on the extent involvement of the two columns and walls.