What cancer means and its aetiology

What cancer means and its aetiology

There are many known substances or agents that play an important role in cancer formation these agents are called carcinogenesis which may be either viral carcinogens, physical carcinogens, genetic carcinogens and chemical carcinogens

How cancer formed or what is cancer 

The body is the basic unite of the life, so question how normal cells become cancer cells as we know the body contains millions of cells these normal cells undergo the process of growth ,division  in controlled manner to produce more cells as they need to keep the body healthy when these normal cells become old or damaged they die which called programmed cell death and are replaced by new normal cells but sometimes this normal orderly process goes wrong

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How we can diagnosed the cancer

How we can diagnosed the cancer

Cancer diagnosis can be done by the following methods such as laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis such as the features or pictures of the cancers such as it is symptoms which means what the patient complaining and by it is signs which means what the doctor see or notice in the patient by the general and local examination of the whole body of the patient
 
what are the symptoms and signs of malignancy

Malignancy or cancer it is a neoplasm or tumor which can be represented by the following criteria

 Local features of the tumours
 Distant clinical features
 Systemic or general clinical features

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Tumor markers for cancer detection

Tumor markers for cancer detection

Definition:Tumour markers are substances that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in the blood or serum ,urine, nipple ,aspirate fluid or stool and tissues of patients with certain types of cancer

How tumor markers produced

Tumors markers are produced either by the cancer cells themselves or by the body as a response to the cancer which can be detect by immunohistochemistery
 These tumor markers can be present also in some benign diseases

What are the aim of tumour markers
tumour markers are useful in diagnosis, staging ,treatment and detection of recurrence of cancers

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Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Fixation of bone fractures can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fix­ation

Definition
Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin ,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience
Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view
Internal fixation requires careful preplanning and the best surgery is performed if the fractures are drawn out on stencils first, and the problems of reduction and obtaining mechanical stability planned in advance

Soft-tissue dissection should be kept to a minimum but must be adequate to obtain a clear view and access

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