BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

This section will be including the fractures bone of the upper and lower limbs bone tumors including cancer and benign tumors and bone diseases and classification of bone fractures and how it is healed and how it is diagnosis and how it be treated and bone fractures complications

Fractures and diseases of the upper limb

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DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

This section will be included most important  diseases or disorders of the biliary systems such as gall bladder anatomy function stones diseases and cancer and bile ducts such as the common bile duct common hepatic duct right and left hepatic duct and the cystic duct including the anatomy function diseases and cancer and methods or diagnostic studies of this system as follow

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EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

The extrahepatic bile ducts consists of the right and left hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct the cystic duct and the common bile duct these structures are the system of the biliary channels

BILE DUCTS ANATOMY

  Common bile duct anatomy

The common bile duct is about 7-11 cm in length and 5-10 mm in diameter the common bile duct enters the second part of the duodenum through a muscular structure called the sphincter of Oddi which consists of a thick coat of circular smooth muscle surrounds the common bile duct at the ampulla of vatar it is regulate flow of the bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum and prevent the regurigitation of duodenal contents into the biliary channels and diverts bile into the gallbladder

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EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME OR HYPERALDOERONISM

Definition

Hyperaldosteronism means increased secretion of aldosterone hormone in the blood which may divided into primary (conn`s syndrome) which is the most commonly caused by an aldosterone - producing adenoma or carcinoma in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland or secondary hyperaldosteronism due to stimulation of the renin - angiotensin system from the renal artery stenosis and to low blood flow states such as congestive heart failure and liver cirrhosis

Cause of hyperaldosternisom

Primary hyperaldosternism

Results from autonomous aldosterone secretion which in trun leads to suppression of renin secretion

Most common age 30-50 years

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EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE

EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE OR ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY

Definition

Addison`s disease or adrenocortical insufficiency means inadequate secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland which may be primary resulting from adrenal disease or secondary as a result of a deficiency of adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

Causes

Primary

• autoimmune disease such as addison`s disease

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EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

Definition 

Cushing syndrome or hypercortisolism it is an endocrine or hormonal disorders which characterized by excessive or increased production of glucocorticoids or cortisol in the circulating blood which due to various causes such as iatrogenic steroids uses when the increased in the glucocorticoids is due to a pituitary tumor it is called cushing disease the cushing syndrome is more common in women than men

Causes of cushing syndrome

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