2014 | best for all medical and surgical blog

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

In This Article You Will Known Real Secondary bone cancer or metastatic bone cancer means cancer or it is cells that are spread to the bone from other part of body cancer secondary bone cancer are more common than the primary bone cancer real secondary bone cancer are second causes of pathological bone fractures after osteoporosis
what are the common organs give real secondary or metastatic bone cancer

any cancer in the body can spread to the bone but in adults most common organ are those that arise from the paired midline organs
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis:

Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Kidney cancer
thyroid cancer
Multiple myeloma

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis
In children there are two main cancers which can spread to the bone they are

Neuroblastoma
wilms tumor or nephroblastomSecondary bone cancer usually are multifocal but thyroid and kidney cancer tend to produce solitary or single lesions, Secondary bone cancer has three form either bone destruction like osteoclast bone cell called (lytic lesion) seen in breast ,lung multiple myeloma, kidney and thyroid cancers or bone formation like osteoblast bone cell called blastic or (sclerotic lesion ) seen in prostate and breast cancers or mixed form both types seen in breast and lung cancers
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

What Are Brain Tumors Functioning

What Are Brain Tumors Functioning

In This Article You Will Discover What Are Brain Tumors Functioning Brain Tumors can be Classified into either benign brain tumors or malignant brain tumors, almost all brain tumors are malignant in the sense that they may lead eventually to death if not treated. Brain tumors are responsible for 2% of all cancer deaths. The annual incidence of newly diagnosed brain tumors in the USA is approximately 18per 100000 persons,of which 30% are primary. In children, tumors of the CNS constitute 20% of all childhood malignancies.There is a peak at 2 years followed by a decline for the rest of the first decade.The incidence then slowly increases, peaking at 20 per 100000 in late adulthood.
What Are Brain Tumors Functioning
The classification of brain tumors or types of brain tumours is determined by their cell of origin. Over 50% are neuroepithelial in origin, 15% metastatic, 15% meningiomas and 8% pituitary tumors. The World Health Organization WHO classification of brain tumors is

How Can Cancer Be Diagnosed?

Cancer diagnosis can be done by the following methods such as laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis such as the features or pictures of the cancers such as it is symptoms which means what the patient complaining and by it is signs which means what the doctor see or notice in the patient by the general and local examination of the whole body of the patient
what are the symptoms and signs of malignancy
Malignancy or cancer it is a neoplasm or tumor which can be represented by the following criteria
Local features of the tumours
Distant clinical features
Systemic or general clinical features
Local features of the neoplasm or tumours
This cancer can be present either in the form of mass the patient complaining from abnormal something in his body like mass he felt it by his hand or the patient may complaining from pain which it is very rare in case of malignancy in the site of the tumor or the patient may complaining from change in the function of the organ which have the malignancy such as cancer intestine the patient may come with obstructive manifestations such as inability to pass stool,abdominal distension,bleeding from rectum and may be vomiting
So that the local features of the cancer can be divided as follow
mass, pain,changes in organ function obstruction in a hollow viscus,bleeding or infarction
Mass
• Mass may be palpable
• Mass may be a primary tumour or lymph nodes enlarged or secondary lymphadenopathy
• Mass may be painful or more commonly, painless (eg breast lump, testicular lump cancer most commonly come without pain and very rare to become painful such as in some certain conditions
• May cause a mass effect
Compression of surrounding structures such as cancer thyroid may compress on the trachea and esophagus o Raised ICP in intracranial lesions
Pain
What are the causes of pain in cancer
The pain in case of cancer may be a feature of
• Local mass compression on other structures or nerves
• Capsular stretch eg hepatic, renal carcinoma may stretch the capsule overlying these organs producing pain
• Infiltration of regional nerves by the tumou or cancer cells which produce neurological pain
• Obstruction of a hollow lumen any structures have a lumen such as intestine,colon,rectum,esophagus,larynx and pharynx the cancer can causes obstruction of the lumen of these structures because the tumor occupying the lumen by itself may causes pain
• Metastasis cancer spread to other organs such as the bone can produce bone pain which may be severe boring pain and may not respond to usual analgesia and may need for narcotic to relieve it
Changes in organ function
The cancer can produce changes in the function of that organ have a cancer such as when cancer spread or metastasis to the liver produce jaundice which mean yellowish discolouration of the sclera of the eye and skin of the patient and ascitis which mean accumluation of the fluid inside the abdominal cavity and the patient may complaining from abdominal distension or the cancer spread to the lungs and the patient complaining from shortening of breathing and pleural effusion which mean accumulation of malignant fluid in the pleural cavity or the cancer spread to the brain and the patient may complaining from headache blurring of vision and neurological deficits or to the bone and the patient may complaining from bone pain as above or from repeated bone fractures or pathological fractures
Obstruction in a hollow viscus
• The cancer may arising from inside the lumen of the structures( intraluminally) (eg embolism of tumour invading large vessel
• The cancer may arising from the vessel or lumen wall (eg annular circumferential rectal tumour
• The cancer may arising extraluminally (eg peritoneal deposits obstructing ureters
Bleeding
The cancer may causes bleeding which may be due to
May be effect of local tumour ulceration eg rectal carcinoma
May be result of erosion into large vessel eg gastric cancer
Acute bleed into tumour mass may provoke pain eg hepatoma
Infarction torsion and infarction of ovarian masses

What cancer means and its aetiology

What cancer means and its aetiology

There are many known substances or agents that play an important role in cancer formation these agents are called carcinogenesis which may be either viral carcinogens, physical carcinogens, genetic carcinogens and chemical carcinogens

How cancer formed or what is cancer

The body is the basic unite of the life, so question how normal cells become cancer cells as we know the body contains millions of cells these normal cells undergo the process of growth ,division in controlled manner to produce more cells as they need to keep the body healthy when these normal cells become old or damaged they die which called programmed cell death and are replaced by new normal cells but sometimes this normal orderly process goes wrong

How we can diagnosed the cancer

How we can diagnosed the cancer

Cancer diagnosis can be done by the following methods such as laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis such as the features or pictures of the cancers such as it is symptoms which means what the patient complaining and by it is signs which means what the doctor see or notice in the patient by the general and local examination of the whole body of the patient

what are the symptoms and signs of malignancy

Malignancy or cancer it is a neoplasm or tumor which can be represented by the following criteria

Local features of the tumours
Distant clinical features
Systemic or general clinical features

Tumor markers for cancer detection

Tumor markers for cancer detection

Definition:Tumour markers are substances that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in the blood or serum ,urine, nipple ,aspirate fluid or stool and tissues of patients with certain types of cancer

How tumor markers produced

Tumors markers are produced either by the cancer cells themselves or by the body as a response to the cancer which can be detect by immunohistochemistery
These tumor markers can be present also in some benign diseases

What are the aim of tumour markers
tumour markers are useful in diagnosis, staging ,treatment and detection of recurrence of cancers

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Fixation of bone fractures can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fixation

Definition
Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin ,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience
Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view
Internal fixation requires careful preplanning and the best surgery is performed if the fractures are drawn out on stencils first, and the problems of reduction and obtaining mechanical stability planned in advance

Soft-tissue dissection should be kept to a minimum but must be adequate to obtain a clear view and access

Pig or swine influenza causes types diagnosis and treatment

Pig or swine influenza causes types diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Pig or swine influenza it is a viral infection which affect human and can produce mild to severe disease and the disease is transmitted from people to other people

Transmission of virus from pigs to human is not common and rare to causes human flu

Pig or swine influenza also known as 2009 virus which caused by influenza A serotype H1N1

HA means haemagglutinin and NA means neuraminidase which they are the viral proteins that determine the subtype of influenza virus for example A|H1N1 and H3N2 v
The HA and NA are important in the immune response against virus antibodies the NA protein is the target of the antiviral drugs such as relenza and tamiflu

Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Thyroid gland is that gland which present in front of the neck which has two lobes one on each side connected together by an isthmus taken butter fly appearance

Thyroid gland is responsible for release of thyroid hormones such as tri-iodothyronine T3 tetra-iodiothyronine T4 and thyroid stimulating hormones TSH ,these hormones are responsible for the process of metabolism in the body if there is any disorders affect the release of these hormones are associated with diseases either in the form of increased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hyperthyroidism or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hypothyroidism

Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from either follicular or parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland it is uncommon cancer which affect women more than men ,there are several types of thyroid cancer and different methods of treatment

What are the causes of cancer thyroid

Precancerous or malignant skin diseases

Precancerous or malignant skin diseases

Introduction

Precancerous or premalignant skin diseases there are some skin condition in which under certain circumstances can be changed or transformed into skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma , basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma if they left without any treatment

These skin condition include the following

Keratocanthoma
Bowen,s disease
Solar or senile keratosis
Chronic radiodermatitis
Xeroderma pigmentosa
Carcinogens agents
Leukoplakia
Chronic scars Marjolin,s ulcer
Lupus vulgaris or Tuberculosis of skin T.B of skin
Moles or naevi

Malignant melanoma and Amelonatic

Malignant melanoma and Amelonatic

Introduction

Malignant melanoma it is a type from skin cancer which arise from epidermal skin layer from melanocyte cells or pigment cells which responsible for release of melanin pigment which give the skin it is colour malignant melanoma can arise in any part in the body which containing melanocyte cells such as in the skin of the head and neck, trunk , lower and upper limbs

There are special site of malignant melanoma which can be arise such as mucosal as mucous membrane of the nose or the mouth( sublingual), eye as conjunctiva , choroid and pigmented layer of the retina and genitalia

Also there are hidden area of malignant melanoma which can be found such as pia and arachnoid matter which they are the layer of brain covering and adrenal medulla
Malignant melanoma it is the most aggressive type of skin cancer which it is more common in Caucasian than black

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma

Introduction

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma it is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from squamous cell layer of the epidermis of the skin so epithelioma it is a type from skin cancer

Skin cancer can be divided into main types non melanoma skin cancer type which include squamous cell carcinoma SCC and basal cell carcinoma BCC and melanoma skin cancer type which include malignant melanoma

What are the causes of squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancer types diagnosis and treatment

Skin cancer types diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Skin cancer means malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from the layers of the skin which divided into outer epidermis layer which contains basal cell layer that contains dendritic pigment producing cells called melanocyte , squamous cell layer ,granular cell layer and horny cell layer and dermis layer and subcutanous layer the skin cancer either arise from the basal cell layer and called basal cell carcinoma or from the squamous cell layer and called squamous cell layer those types are called non melanoma skin cancer or from melanocyte cell layer and called malignant melanoma this type is called melanoma skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma or rodent ulcer

Basal cell carcinoma or rodent ulcer

Introduction

Basal cell carcinoma BCC is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from the basal cell layer of the skin and is considered most common type of skin cancer which also known as rodent ulcer

It is locally malignant tumor that so it is never or very rare to spread or metastasize to other blood or lymph nodes or organs and it is slowly growing which may take years it also called non melanoma skin cancer together with squamous cell carcinoma but malignant melanoma are called melanoma skin cancer

What are the site of basal cell carcinoma

BCC can be arise from any part of the skin including the anal margin but about 90% occur on the face above a line joining the angle of the mouth to the external auditory meatus or to the lobule of the ear (seborrheic area) they are especially common around the eye nasolabial folds and hairline of the scalp

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

The tongue is a muscular structure its surface covered by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium the tongue has two parts anterior part which include anterior two third of the tongue such as both sides of the tongue and its tip its called oral part or oral tongue which appear when you protruded your tongue outside, cancers occur in this part are called mouth or oral cancers and the second part is the posterior part or base of the tongue which is related to the pharynx and cancers occur in this part are called oropharyngeal cancers

The tongue is composed of eight muscles four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles and is separated at the midline by the median fibrous lingual septum

What are the causes of cancer tongue

There are many risk factors which may predisposing for tongue cancer these factors such as

Explaining cancer prevention

Explaining cancer prevention

Is there any methods to prevent cancer formation

Cancer can be prevent to be formed by many methods which if done well can give good results these methods can be divided into three main types such as prevention of the cancer formation from the starts by primary cancer prevention or prevention cancer formation in people have high risk of cancer formation by secondary cancer prevention or prevention of cancer formation after cancer removal from primary site known by tertiary cancer prevention such as

Cancer prevention can be divided into three stages

primary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing initial cancers in healthy individuals by means prevention cancer formation from the start in normal healthy people

secondary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing cancer in individuals with premalignant conditions

by means prevention cancer formation in people have a premalignant diseases such as familial polpyposis or leukoplakia familial breast cancer

tertiary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing second primary cancers in patients cured of their initial disease by means prevention of recurrent cancer formation in people have previously cancer

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Introduction

Cancer esophagus is cancer or malignant tumor which arise in the esophagus which its muscular tubular structure extended from the throat or pharynx above to the stomach or cardia of the stomach below and responsible for carrying the food and drinking through its length to reach the stomach

The esophagus can be divided into three parts upper third ,middle third and lower third each about 9 cm

also esophagus can be divided according to its location into three parts cervical part which present in the neck and it is about 5 cm and thoracic part which lies within the chest cavity and it is about 20 cm and abdominal part which lies within the abdominal cavity and it is about 2 cm

Explaining how varicose veins treated

Explaining how varicose veins treated

Varicose veins treatment depend on many factors such as its either associated with complications or problems or no its symptomatic such as there is pain skin pigmentation skin venous ulcer or no is the patient complaining from it or no and also depend on the age of the patient and patient is fit for operation or patient refuse the operation or no most varicose veins usually not required treatment other reason may for cosmetic

Treatment of varicose veins can be divided into the following items

Explaining varicose veins

Explaining varicose veins

Definition and introduction of the venous system

Varicose vein means dilated tortuous or twisting and elongated veins which are common medical problem in the general populations

The venous system are a dynamic and complex system which responsible for carrying deoxgynated blood from all parts of the body through the veins to the heart this occur against the gravity in upright individual

the venous blood flow depend on multiple factors such as gravity valves of the veins the heart and respiratory cycles blood volume and the calf muscle pump any changes in the balance of these factors can result in venous pathology such as varicose veins

Explaining varicose veins

veins are thin walled highly distensible and collapsible structures which transport the blood towards the heart in one direction when the person is upright and standing the veins are maximally distended and their diameters may be several times greater than if the person was in a horizontal position

Treatment of pain

Treatment of pain

The treatment of the pain depend on the causes of the pain and also on types of the pain either acute or chronic pain

Drugs used in treatment of the pain

These drugs can be classified into three steps used as analgesic ladder means used first mild drugs effects to moderate and potent analgesic

Pain causes types and treatment

Pain causes types and treatment

Definition of pain

Someone feels an unpleasant sensation and bad emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage , pain is considered as protective mechanism

Pain is also considered a good sign because it give us attention to the site of the disease which pain arise from it so it can be deal with it to make investigations and treatment that disease causing pain but sometimes the site of the pain not always indicated affection of the subjacent organ

BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

BONE FRACTURES TUMORS AND DISEASES

This section will be including the fractures bone of the upper and lower limbs bone tumors including cancer and benign tumors and bone diseases and classification of bone fractures and how it is healed and how it is diagnosis and how it be treated and bone fractures complications

Fractures and diseases of the upper limb

DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

This section will be included most important diseases or disorders of the biliary systems such as gall bladder anatomy function stones diseases and cancer and bile ducts such as the common bile duct common hepatic duct right and left hepatic duct and the cystic duct including the anatomy function diseases and cancer and methods or diagnostic studies of this system as follow

EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

The extrahepatic bile ducts consists of the right and left hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct the cystic duct and the common bile duct these structures are the system of the biliary channels

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BILE DUCTS ANATOMY

Common bile duct anatomy

The common bile duct is about 7-11 cm in length and 5-10 mm in diameter the common bile duct enters the second part of the duodenum through a muscular structure called the sphincter of Oddi which consists of a thick coat of circular smooth muscle surrounds the common bile duct at the ampulla of vatar it is regulate flow of the bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum and prevent the regurigitation of duodenal contents into the biliary channels and diverts bile into the gallbladder

EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME OR HYPERALDOERONISM

Definition

Hyperaldosteronism means increased secretion of aldosterone hormone in the blood which may divided into primary (conn`s syndrome) which is the most commonly caused by an aldosterone - producing adenoma or carcinoma in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland or secondary hyperaldosteronism due to stimulation of the renin - angiotensin system from the renal artery stenosis and to low blood flow states such as congestive heart failure and liver cirrhosis

Cause of hyperaldosternisom

Primary hyperaldosternism

Results from autonomous aldosterone secretion which in trun leads to suppression of renin secretion

Most common age 30-50 years

EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE

EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE OR ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY

Definition

Addison`s disease or adrenocortical insufficiency means inadequate secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland which may be primary resulting from adrenal disease or secondary as a result of a deficiency of adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

Causes

Primary

autoimmune disease such as addison`s disease

EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

Definition

Cushing syndrome or hypercortisolism it is an endocrine or hormonal disorders which characterized by excessive or increased production of glucocorticoids or cortisol in the circulating blood which due to various causes such as iatrogenic steroids uses when the increased in the glucocorticoids is due to a pituitary tumor it is called cushing disease the cushing syndrome is more common in women than men

Causes of cushing syndrome

EXPLAINING OF TREATMENT OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

EXPLAINING OF TREATMENT OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

Introduction

Ascites treatment can be divided into many regimens which either can be used in usual or refractory ascites which most common causes is liver cirrhosis

This treatment can be divided into the following items

As in case of ascites there is salt like sodium and fluid or water retention so the patient need to restricted dietary salt as sodium intake in the diet and also restricted water intake especially in case associated with hyponatremia

EXPLAINING OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

EXPLAINING OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

Definition

Ascites or astsga means the presence of abnormal fluid which accumulated inside the abdominal cavity or in the peritoneal cavity called ascitic fluid

Ascites is not a disease but it is a sign of many diseases which can causes it such as liver cirrhosis which most common causes of ascites

What are the causes of ascites

There are many causes of ascites such as

Liver cirrhosis

PROBLEMS AFTER GALL BLADDER REMOVAL

PROBLEMS AFTER GALL BLADDER REMOVAL

Introduction

The gall bladder removal is done by operation called cholecystectomy which either done by open surgery (open choelcystecomy ) or by laparoscopy (laparoscopic cholecystectomy

This operation is very common all over the world which done mainly for stones in the gall bladder and most of the patients are recovered postoperative without any complications

BILIARY OR (CHOLEDOCHAL )CYSTS

BILIARY OR (CHOLEDOCHAL )CYSTS

Definition

Choledochal cysts are congenital abnormalities of the biliary channels which characterized by cystic dilatation of the biliary tree which either affected the extrahepatic or intrahepatic biliary tree or both affection which can be present at any age from antenatal periods to late in adult life

BILIARYOE CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS

BILIARY OR CHOLEDOCHAL CYST TYPE I

Causes

There is no definite causes but theories suggestive that its due to reflux of pancreatic juice into the biliary tree related to the long anomalous pancreaticobiliary channel also weakness of the bile duct wall and increased pressure secondary to biliary obstruction are required for biliary cyst formation

INJURIES OF BILIARY DUCTS

INJURY OF BILIARY DUCT

Causes of biliary duct injuries

Most common causes of biliary tract or ducts injury are iatrogenic causes during abdominal operation of the gall bladder or common bile duct like open removal of the gall bladder( cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic removal of the gall bladder

INJURIES OF BILIARY DUCTS

ANATOMY OF BILIARY DUCTS

Other operation which found to have a role in injury of the bile duct are during mobilization of the duodenum during removal part or all of the stomach by operations called partial or total gastroectomy

EXPLAINING OF SCLERORSING CHOLANGITIS

EXPLAINING OF SCLERORSING CHOLANGITIS

Definition

It is an inflammatory strictures with progressive course which affect the biliary tract either intrahepatic or exttrahepatic or both it is non suppurative cholangitis can lead to secondary biliary cirrhosis and liver failure

Types

primary sclerorsing cholangitis
Secondary sclerorsing cholangitis

CANCER OF BILE DUCT (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA)

( CANCER OF BILE DUCT (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA

Introduction

cancer of bile duct cholangiocarcinoma

Cancer or carcinoma of the bile duct it is also called Cholangiocarcinoma it is a rare malignant tumour of the biliary channels which arise from the epithelium and it can occur at any site along the biliary tree from common bile duct or its branches which divided into right and left hepatic ducts common site present at the hepatic duct bifurcation

According to the site of the tumor it can be divided into either distal or proximal or perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

EXPLAINING CANCER OF GALL BLADDER

EXPLAINING CANCER OF GALL BLADDER

Introduction

Cancer of gall bladder it is a malignant tumors of the gall bladder which arise mainly from the innermost layer of (mucosa )the gall bladder

It is rare malignant tumor which occur most common in old age patients but it is aggressive tumour if discovered lately and carry good prognosis if discovered early

It accounts for only 2 to 4% of all malignant gastrointestinal tumors
The patients who undergoing cholecystectomy means removal of the gall bladder for gallstone disease may found incidentally to have gallbladder cancer

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER FUNCTION

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER FUNCTION

Introduction

The gall bladder is that organ which present in under surface of the liver and has pear shaped sac which divided into four parts from above downward fundus body infundibulum and the neck

The gall bladder contain inside it a fluid called bile which it is secreted from the liver and stored into the gall bladder the average capacity of the gall bladder to store bile from 30-50 ml which can be reach up to 300 ml in case of gall bladder obstruction

EXPLAINING OF ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS

EXPLAINING OF ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS

Definition

Acute cholangnitis: is an ascending bacterial infection of common bile duct in association with partial or complete obstruction of the bile ducts or acute inflammation of common bile duct

When associated with kidney (renal) failure, heart (cardiac) impairment, liver (hepatic) abscesses, and malignancies the morbidity and morality rates may be high

is one of the two main complications of common bile duct (choledochal) stones, the other gallstone pancreatitis

. Hepatic bile is sterile, and bile in the bile ducts is kept sterile by continuous bile flow and by the presence of antibacterial substances in bile such as immunoglobulin

DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY TRACT OR GALL BLADDER DISEASES

DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY TRACT OR GALL BLADDER DISEASES

There are many diagnostic studies which can evaluated the state of biliary tract and gall bladder diseases which facilitated to reach proper diagnosis these diagnostic measures can be classified as follow

Laboratory diagnostic study

When patients with suspected diseases of the gallbladder or the extrahepatic biliary tree are evaluated by

EXPLAINING GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

EXPLAINING GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac, about 7 to 10 cm long with an average capacity of 30 -50 mL containing bile

When obstructed, the gallbladder can distend markedly and contain up to 300 mL
The gallbladder is located in a fossa on the inferior surface of the liver that is in line with the anatomic division of the liver into right and left liver lobes

GALL BLADDER

The gallbladder is divided into four anatomic areas

The fundus
The corpus (body
The infundibulum
The neck

EXPLAINING OF ACALCULAR CHOLECYSTITIS

EXPLAINING OF ACALCULAR CHOLECYSTITIS

Acalcular or non calcular cholecystitis

Definition
It is mean acute or chronic inflammation of the gall bladder due to other causes rather than gall stones

Acalculous cholecystitis typically develops in critically ill patient in the intensive care unit

gall bladder anatomy

Risk factors are

Patients on parenteral nutrition with severe burns
sepsis
major operations
multiple trauma
prolonged illness with multiple organ system failure

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONES

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONE

Introduction

Gallstone disease is one of the most common problems affecting the digestive tract The prevalence of gallstones is related to many factors, including age, gender, and ethnic background

Women are three times more likely to develop gallstones than men, and first-degree relatives of patients with gallstones have a twofold greater prevalence In order to understanding the gall bladder stone formation and its types it should be first known the anatomy of the gall bladder as follow

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONES

GALL BLADDER STONES

Anatomy of the Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac, about 7 to 10 cm long with an average capacity of 30 -50 mL containing bile

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Definition

That is mean acute or sudden inflammation or infection of the gall bladder which may due to stones in the gall bladder or other causes rather than stones

Types

There are two types either

Acute calcular (stone ) cholecystitis about 95% also called

acute obstructive cholecystitis

Acute non calcular( no stones) cholecystitis about 5% also called acute non obstructive cholecystits

CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

Definition

Chronic cholecystitis means chronic inflammation of the gall bladder

Types

Chronic calcular cholecysitits due to stones in gall bladder most common form
Chronic non calcular cholecysitis due to other causes than stone in gall bladder less common

HOW FRACTURED BONE HEALED AND UNION

HOW FRACTURED BONE HEALED AND UNION

When the bone become fractured there are many mechanism or pathophysiology process which start after the bone become fractured to allow it to become healed as follow

When a bone break there is disruption of periosteum, cortical bone trabecular bone and the blood vessels which run in the periosteum and the medulla

There is haemorrhage and immediate release of cytokines this signals to cells locally that damage has occurred

EXPLAINING EXTERNAL FIXATION OF BONE FRACTURED

EXPLAINING EXTERNAL FIXATION OF BONE FRACTURED

There are two types of bone fixation

Internal fixation and external fixation

Internal fixation see here

External fixation

Are those where the mechanical strength of the construct is outside the skin or fixation of fracture outside the skin

Is an alternative way to holding a fracture is to insert pins and wires into the bone on each side of the fracture, and to attach these to an external frame that provides the structural integrity

Fixators can be as simple as a set of pins incorporated into a plaster through single- and double-bar fixators or as complex as ring fixators holding the bone through tension wires

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURED BONE

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT INTERNAL FIXATION OF FRACTURED BONE

Types of fixation

Fixation can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fixation

Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin

,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience

Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view

EXPLAINING CEREBRAL ANEURYSM

EXPLAINING CEREBRAL ANEURYSM

Definition

An aneurysm is focal dilatation of the vessel wall

, Is most often a balloon-like outpouching, but may also be fusiform

Aneurysms usually occur at branch points of major vessels e.g, internal carotid artery (lCA) bifurcation, or at the origin of smaller vessels e.g., posterior communicating artery or ophthalmic artery

Approximately 85% of aneurysms arise from the anterior circulation (carotid) and 15% from the posterior circulation

vertebrobasilar

EXPLAINING OF PITUITARY GLAND TUMOURS

EXPLAINING OF PITUITARY GLAND TUMOURS

Introduction

In order to understanding the pituitary gland tumours it should be first known the important anatomy of the pitiuitary

The pituitary gland or hypophysis cerebri is the master gland in the body

It is an endocrine gland which secreted many hormones in the blood It very small in size a pea sized

It is intracranial structures which present in the middle cranial fossa It is lies in bony cavity like structure called sella trucica

It is composite structure consists of three parts the anterior intermediate and posterior lobe

Hormones secreted by anterior pituitary by its cells

Acidophilic cells secreted somatotropic or growth hormone and prolactin

Basophilic cells secreted adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) , thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) follicular and luteinzing hormones (FSH and LH

EXPLAINING COMMON MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

EXPLAINING COMMON MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

Common primary malignant bone tumours

Are osteosarcoma , chondrosarcoma , Ewing,s sarcoma , adamantinoma , malignant fibrous histocytoma , lymphoma , myeloma

Osteosarcoma: second commonest primary malignant bone tumour, aggressive and metastasising, affecting the young

Chondrosarcoma: third commonest primary malignant bone tumour

Ewing's sarcoma: second commonest primary bone tumour in children

EXPLAINING OF MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

EXPLAINING OF MALIGNANT BONE TUMOURS

Introduction

The malignant tumours of the bones are divided into primary malignant bones tumours which arise from the bones and these are rare tumours and secondary bones tumous which arise due to metastasis from other organs and these are commoner than primary bones tumours

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

Definition of osteoarthritis

Is a non inflammatory disorder of movable joints which affected any synovial joints and affected both bone and cartilage and characterized by deterioration of articular cartilage and formation of new bone at the joint surfaces and margins this disorder is also known as degenerative joint disease

Causes of osteoarthritis AO

There are two types of osteoarthritis primary and secondary osteoarthritis

EXPLAINING OF SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS

EXPLAINING OF SYMPTOMS SIGNS AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS AO

Symptoms and signs of osteoarthritis

Symptoms of osteoarthritis AO

Pain of osteoarthritis: is characterized by dull aching pain poorly localized up till severe pain may awake patient during sleep the pain increase with activity as with joint movement and using and the pain relieved by rest the pain increase at the end of the day the pain may occur with minimal motion and even at rest the pain may become sharp due to muscle spasm around the joint the pain worse by exercise
Joint stiffness: limited stiffness on awakening in the morning and after a periods of inactivity during the day is common as the joint is limbered up the patient feel better
If the patient sits down for any length of time pain may develop after the commencement of activity
patients may complains from locking episodes and joint loosen as in loose bodies or meniscal tear
Limitation of motion or movement :often involving loss of extension and flexion
In the hip joint :patient usually maintain 90 degree of flexion but lose most abduction and internal and external rotation

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS

ALL YOU NEED ABOUT BENIGN BONE TUMORS

Introduction

Benign tumors means it is not malignant not cancer not spread or invasion to other organs not causes serious problems like cancers rare to recur after complete excision sometimes the benign tumors acts as locally malignant tumors in some aggressive benign tumors and can recur after excision but they don not spread or metastasis to other structures
The benign bone tumors are more common than malignant bone tumors
The benign bone tumors are common to occurs in children and young age this related to bone growth at this age

EXPLAINING OF SECONDARY BONE CANCER

EXPLAINING OF SECONDARY BONE CANCER

Introduction

Secondary bone cancer or metastatic bone cancer means cancer or it is cells that are spread to the bone from other part of body cancer

secondary bone cancer are more common than the primary bone cancer

secondary bone cancer are second causes of pathological bone fractures after osteoporosis

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OR CANCERS OF THE BONES

MALIGNANT TUMOURS OR CANCERS OF THE BONES

Introduction

The malignant tumours of the bones are divided into primary malignant bones tumours which arise from the bones and these are rare tumours and secondary bones tumous which arise due to metastasis from other organs and these are commoner than primary bones tumours

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT

FRACTURES OF THE BONES OF THE FOOT

Introduction and anatomy

Fractures or broken the bones of the foot in order to understanding these fractures it should be first known the anatomy or structures of the bones of the foot as follow

Bones of the foot

The bones of the foot consists of three parts which are the tarsal bones metatarsals bones and phalanges of the toes

FRACTURES AND SPRAINS OF THE ANKLE

FRACTURES AND SPRAINS OF THE ANKLE

Introduction and anatomy

fractures of the ankle means broken bones involved in the composition of ankle joint and also ligaments

the ankle joint is consists of three bones which are the two bones of the leg( lower end of tibia by its medial malleolus and and lower end of the fibula by its lateral malleolus) and the talus bone by its body which is bone of the foot the ankle joint is hinge joint like any hinge joint it is become weak anterior (infront ) and posterior (from the back)and strong laterally (from outside) and medially( from inside) by it is ligaments attachment

COMPLICATIONS OF BONES FRACTURES

COMPLICATIONS OF BONES FRACTURES

Fractures complications of the bones are many and very important to be known which will be discussed as follow these complications can be classified into the following items early general and early local complications and late general and late local complications

METACARPALS AND PHALANGES FRACTURES

METACARPALS AND PHALANGES FRACTURES

Introduction and anatomy

Metacarpals bones

there are five metacarpal bones in each hand the metacarpus has shaft distal and proximal end
The thumb metacarpal is shorter and thicker than the other. Its base has a saddle -shaped facet for the trapezium. The convex facet on its bead is not so prominently The remaining four metacarpals show expanded bases by which they articulate with the distal row of carpal bones and with each other. The middle metacarpal shows a prominent styloid process that projects

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CARPUS BONE OR WRIST

FRACTURES AND DISLOCATIONS OF THE CARPUS BONE OR WRIST
Introduction and anatomy

BONES OF THE HAND

The articulated bones of the hand are made up of a carpus (eight bones), five metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the five digits The eight carpal bones articulated together form a semi circk, the convexity of which is proximal and articulates with the forearm. The diameter of the semicircles distal and

TIBIAL SHAFT WITH OR WITHOUT FIBULAR FRACTURES

TIBIAL SHAFT WITH OR WITHOUT FIBULAR FRACTURES

Introduction and anatomy

The tibia and fibula are the the bones of the leg which extended from the knee above to ankle below the tibia is more big than fibula the tibia is the medial bone but fibula is lateral one the tibia has shaft upper and lower end it is alone articulates with the femur at the knee joint the upper end has medial and lateral condyles the tuberosity of the tibia is at upper end of the