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What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

In This Article You Will Known Real Secondary bone cancer or metastatic bone cancer means cancer or it is cells that are spread to the bone from other part of body cancer secondary bone cancer are more common than the primary bone cancer real secondary bone cancer are second causes of pathological bone fractures after osteoporosis
what are the common organs give real secondary or metastatic bone cancer

any cancer in the body can spread to the bone but in adults most common organ are those that arise from the paired midline organs
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis:

Prostate cancer
Breast cancer
Lung cancer
Kidney cancer
thyroid cancer
Multiple myeloma

What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis
In children there are two main cancers which can spread to the bone they are

Neuroblastoma
wilms tumor or nephroblastomSecondary bone cancer usually are multifocal but thyroid and kidney cancer tend to produce solitary or single lesions, Secondary bone cancer has three form either bone destruction like osteoclast bone cell called (lytic lesion) seen in breast ,lung multiple myeloma, kidney and thyroid cancers or bone formation like osteoblast bone cell called blastic or (sclerotic lesion ) seen in prostate and breast cancers or mixed form both types seen in breast and lung cancers
What Are Real Secondary Bone Cancer Metastasis

What Are Brain Tumors Functioning

What Are Brain Tumors Functioning

In This Article You Will Discover What Are Brain Tumors Functioning Brain Tumors can be Classified into either benign brain tumors or malignant brain tumors, almost all brain tumors are malignant in the sense that they may lead eventually to death if not treated. Brain tumors are responsible for 2% of all cancer deaths. The annual incidence of newly diagnosed brain tumors in the USA is approximately 18per 100000 persons,of which 30% are primary. In children, tumors of the CNS constitute 20% of all childhood malignancies.There is a peak at 2 years followed by a decline for the rest of the first decade.The incidence then slowly increases, peaking at 20 per 100000 in late adulthood.
What Are Brain Tumors Functioning
The classification of brain tumors or types of brain tumours is determined by their cell of origin. Over 50% are neuroepithelial in origin, 15% metastatic, 15% meningiomas and 8% pituitary tumors. The World Health Organization WHO classification of brain tumors is

How Can Cancer Be Diagnosed?

Cancer diagnosis can be done by the following methods such as laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis such as the features or pictures of the cancers such as it is symptoms which means what the patient complaining and by it is signs which means what the doctor see or notice in the patient by the general and local examination of the whole body of the patient
what are the symptoms and signs of malignancy
Malignancy or cancer it is a neoplasm or tumor which can be represented by the following criteria
Local features of the tumours
Distant clinical features
Systemic or general clinical features
Local features of the neoplasm or tumours
This cancer can be present either in the form of mass the patient complaining from abnormal something in his body like mass he felt it by his hand or the patient may complaining from pain which it is very rare in case of malignancy in the site of the tumor or the patient may complaining from change in the function of the organ which have the malignancy such as cancer intestine the patient may come with obstructive manifestations such as inability to pass stool,abdominal distension,bleeding from rectum and may be vomiting
So that the local features of the cancer can be divided as follow
mass, pain,changes in organ function obstruction in a hollow viscus,bleeding or infarction
Mass
• Mass may be palpable
• Mass may be a primary tumour or lymph nodes enlarged or secondary lymphadenopathy
• Mass may be painful or more commonly, painless (eg breast lump, testicular lump cancer most commonly come without pain and very rare to become painful such as in some certain conditions
• May cause a mass effect
Compression of surrounding structures such as cancer thyroid may compress on the trachea and esophagus o Raised ICP in intracranial lesions
Pain
What are the causes of pain in cancer
The pain in case of cancer may be a feature of
• Local mass compression on other structures or nerves
• Capsular stretch eg hepatic, renal carcinoma may stretch the capsule overlying these organs producing pain
• Infiltration of regional nerves by the tumou or cancer cells which produce neurological pain
• Obstruction of a hollow lumen any structures have a lumen such as intestine,colon,rectum,esophagus,larynx and pharynx the cancer can causes obstruction of the lumen of these structures because the tumor occupying the lumen by itself may causes pain
• Metastasis cancer spread to other organs such as the bone can produce bone pain which may be severe boring pain and may not respond to usual analgesia and may need for narcotic to relieve it
Changes in organ function
The cancer can produce changes in the function of that organ have a cancer such as when cancer spread or metastasis to the liver produce jaundice which mean yellowish discolouration of the sclera of the eye and skin of the patient and ascitis which mean accumluation of the fluid inside the abdominal cavity and the patient may complaining from abdominal distension or the cancer spread to the lungs and the patient complaining from shortening of breathing and pleural effusion which mean accumulation of malignant fluid in the pleural cavity or the cancer spread to the brain and the patient may complaining from headache blurring of vision and neurological deficits or to the bone and the patient may complaining from bone pain as above or from repeated bone fractures or pathological fractures
Obstruction in a hollow viscus
• The cancer may arising from inside the lumen of the structures( intraluminally) (eg embolism of tumour invading large vessel
• The cancer may arising from the vessel or lumen wall (eg annular circumferential rectal tumour
• The cancer may arising extraluminally (eg peritoneal deposits obstructing ureters
Bleeding
The cancer may causes bleeding which may be due to
May be effect of local tumour ulceration eg rectal carcinoma
May be result of erosion into large vessel eg gastric cancer
Acute bleed into tumour mass may provoke pain eg hepatoma
Infarction torsion and infarction of ovarian masses

What cancer means and its aetiology

What cancer means and its aetiology

There are many known substances or agents that play an important role in cancer formation these agents are called carcinogenesis which may be either viral carcinogens, physical carcinogens, genetic carcinogens and chemical carcinogens

How cancer formed or what is cancer

The body is the basic unite of the life, so question how normal cells become cancer cells as we know the body contains millions of cells these normal cells undergo the process of growth ,division in controlled manner to produce more cells as they need to keep the body healthy when these normal cells become old or damaged they die which called programmed cell death and are replaced by new normal cells but sometimes this normal orderly process goes wrong

How we can diagnosed the cancer

How we can diagnosed the cancer

Cancer diagnosis can be done by the following methods such as laboratory diagnosis and clinical diagnosis such as the features or pictures of the cancers such as it is symptoms which means what the patient complaining and by it is signs which means what the doctor see or notice in the patient by the general and local examination of the whole body of the patient

what are the symptoms and signs of malignancy

Malignancy or cancer it is a neoplasm or tumor which can be represented by the following criteria

Local features of the tumours
Distant clinical features
Systemic or general clinical features

Tumor markers for cancer detection

Tumor markers for cancer detection

Definition:Tumour markers are substances that can be detected in higher than normal amounts in the blood or serum ,urine, nipple ,aspirate fluid or stool and tissues of patients with certain types of cancer

How tumor markers produced

Tumors markers are produced either by the cancer cells themselves or by the body as a response to the cancer which can be detect by immunohistochemistery
These tumor markers can be present also in some benign diseases

What are the aim of tumour markers
tumour markers are useful in diagnosis, staging ,treatment and detection of recurrence of cancers

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Internal fixation for treatment bone fractures

Fixation of bone fractures can be divided into external and internal fixations

Internal fixation

Definition
Are implants that are fitted directly on to or put down the inside of the bone and are then covered with soft tissues and skin ,Internal fixation can allow accurate reduction of fractures, and allows strong and stable fixation, so that the patient can rapidly return to everyday activities, with the minimum of inconvenience
Internal fixation is best performed under a tourniquet, if possible in order to obtain a blood-free view
Internal fixation requires careful preplanning and the best surgery is performed if the fractures are drawn out on stencils first, and the problems of reduction and obtaining mechanical stability planned in advance

Soft-tissue dissection should be kept to a minimum but must be adequate to obtain a clear view and access

Pig or swine influenza causes types diagnosis and treatment

Pig or swine influenza causes types diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Pig or swine influenza it is a viral infection which affect human and can produce mild to severe disease and the disease is transmitted from people to other people

Transmission of virus from pigs to human is not common and rare to causes human flu

Pig or swine influenza also known as 2009 virus which caused by influenza A serotype H1N1

HA means haemagglutinin and NA means neuraminidase which they are the viral proteins that determine the subtype of influenza virus for example A|H1N1 and H3N2 v
The HA and NA are important in the immune response against virus antibodies the NA protein is the target of the antiviral drugs such as relenza and tamiflu

Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Thyroid gland is that gland which present in front of the neck which has two lobes one on each side connected together by an isthmus taken butter fly appearance

Thyroid gland is responsible for release of thyroid hormones such as tri-iodothyronine T3 tetra-iodiothyronine T4 and thyroid stimulating hormones TSH ,these hormones are responsible for the process of metabolism in the body if there is any disorders affect the release of these hormones are associated with diseases either in the form of increased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hyperthyroidism or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hypothyroidism

Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from either follicular or parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland it is uncommon cancer which affect women more than men ,there are several types of thyroid cancer and different methods of treatment

What are the causes of cancer thyroid

Precancerous or malignant skin diseases

Precancerous or malignant skin diseases

Introduction

Precancerous or premalignant skin diseases there are some skin condition in which under certain circumstances can be changed or transformed into skin cancer such as squamous cell carcinoma , basal cell carcinoma and malignant melanoma if they left without any treatment

These skin condition include the following

Keratocanthoma
Bowen,s disease
Solar or senile keratosis
Chronic radiodermatitis
Xeroderma pigmentosa
Carcinogens agents
Leukoplakia
Chronic scars Marjolin,s ulcer
Lupus vulgaris or Tuberculosis of skin T.B of skin
Moles or naevi

Malignant melanoma and Amelonatic

Malignant melanoma and Amelonatic

Introduction

Malignant melanoma it is a type from skin cancer which arise from epidermal skin layer from melanocyte cells or pigment cells which responsible for release of melanin pigment which give the skin it is colour malignant melanoma can arise in any part in the body which containing melanocyte cells such as in the skin of the head and neck, trunk , lower and upper limbs

There are special site of malignant melanoma which can be arise such as mucosal as mucous membrane of the nose or the mouth( sublingual), eye as conjunctiva , choroid and pigmented layer of the retina and genitalia

Also there are hidden area of malignant melanoma which can be found such as pia and arachnoid matter which they are the layer of brain covering and adrenal medulla
Malignant melanoma it is the most aggressive type of skin cancer which it is more common in Caucasian than black

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma

Introduction

Epithelioma or squamous cell carcinoma it is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from squamous cell layer of the epidermis of the skin so epithelioma it is a type from skin cancer

Skin cancer can be divided into main types non melanoma skin cancer type which include squamous cell carcinoma SCC and basal cell carcinoma BCC and melanoma skin cancer type which include malignant melanoma

What are the causes of squamous cell carcinoma

Skin cancer types diagnosis and treatment

Skin cancer types diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Skin cancer means malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from the layers of the skin which divided into outer epidermis layer which contains basal cell layer that contains dendritic pigment producing cells called melanocyte , squamous cell layer ,granular cell layer and horny cell layer and dermis layer and subcutanous layer the skin cancer either arise from the basal cell layer and called basal cell carcinoma or from the squamous cell layer and called squamous cell layer those types are called non melanoma skin cancer or from melanocyte cell layer and called malignant melanoma this type is called melanoma skin cancer

Basal cell carcinoma or rodent ulcer

Basal cell carcinoma or rodent ulcer

Introduction

Basal cell carcinoma BCC is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from the basal cell layer of the skin and is considered most common type of skin cancer which also known as rodent ulcer

It is locally malignant tumor that so it is never or very rare to spread or metastasize to other blood or lymph nodes or organs and it is slowly growing which may take years it also called non melanoma skin cancer together with squamous cell carcinoma but malignant melanoma are called melanoma skin cancer

What are the site of basal cell carcinoma

BCC can be arise from any part of the skin including the anal margin but about 90% occur on the face above a line joining the angle of the mouth to the external auditory meatus or to the lobule of the ear (seborrheic area) they are especially common around the eye nasolabial folds and hairline of the scalp

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

The tongue is a muscular structure its surface covered by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium the tongue has two parts anterior part which include anterior two third of the tongue such as both sides of the tongue and its tip its called oral part or oral tongue which appear when you protruded your tongue outside, cancers occur in this part are called mouth or oral cancers and the second part is the posterior part or base of the tongue which is related to the pharynx and cancers occur in this part are called oropharyngeal cancers

The tongue is composed of eight muscles four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles and is separated at the midline by the median fibrous lingual septum

What are the causes of cancer tongue

There are many risk factors which may predisposing for tongue cancer these factors such as

Explaining cancer prevention

Explaining cancer prevention

Is there any methods to prevent cancer formation

Cancer can be prevent to be formed by many methods which if done well can give good results these methods can be divided into three main types such as prevention of the cancer formation from the starts by primary cancer prevention or prevention cancer formation in people have high risk of cancer formation by secondary cancer prevention or prevention of cancer formation after cancer removal from primary site known by tertiary cancer prevention such as

Cancer prevention can be divided into three stages

primary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing initial cancers in healthy individuals by means prevention cancer formation from the start in normal healthy people

secondary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing cancer in individuals with premalignant conditions

by means prevention cancer formation in people have a premalignant diseases such as familial polpyposis or leukoplakia familial breast cancer

tertiary cancer prevention (i.e., preventing second primary cancers in patients cured of their initial disease by means prevention of recurrent cancer formation in people have previously cancer

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Introduction

Cancer esophagus is cancer or malignant tumor which arise in the esophagus which its muscular tubular structure extended from the throat or pharynx above to the stomach or cardia of the stomach below and responsible for carrying the food and drinking through its length to reach the stomach

The esophagus can be divided into three parts upper third ,middle third and lower third each about 9 cm

also esophagus can be divided according to its location into three parts cervical part which present in the neck and it is about 5 cm and thoracic part which lies within the chest cavity and it is about 20 cm and abdominal part which lies within the abdominal cavity and it is about 2 cm

Explaining how varicose veins treated

Explaining how varicose veins treated

Varicose veins treatment depend on many factors such as its either associated with complications or problems or no its symptomatic such as there is pain skin pigmentation skin venous ulcer or no is the patient complaining from it or no and also depend on the age of the patient and patient is fit for operation or patient refuse the operation or no most varicose veins usually not required treatment other reason may for cosmetic

Treatment of varicose veins can be divided into the following items

Explaining varicose veins

Explaining varicose veins

Definition and introduction of the venous system

Varicose vein means dilated tortuous or twisting and elongated veins which are common medical problem in the general populations

The venous system are a dynamic and complex system which responsible for carrying deoxgynated blood from all parts of the body through the veins to the heart this occur against the gravity in upright individual

the venous blood flow depend on multiple factors such as gravity valves of the veins the heart and respiratory cycles blood volume and the calf muscle pump any changes in the balance of these factors can result in venous pathology such as varicose veins

Explaining varicose veins

veins are thin walled highly distensible and collapsible structures which transport the blood towards the heart in one direction when the person is upright and standing the veins are maximally distended and their diameters may be several times greater than if the person was in a horizontal position