Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Carcinoma of thyroid gland types causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

Thyroid gland is that gland which present in front of the neck which has two lobes one on each side connected together by an isthmus taken butter fly appearance

Thyroid gland is responsible for release of thyroid hormones such as tri-iodothyronine T3 tetra-iodiothyronine T4 and thyroid stimulating hormones TSH ,these hormones are responsible for the process of metabolism in the body if there is any disorders affect the release of these hormones are associated with diseases either in the form of increased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hyperthyroidism or decreased secretion of thyroid hormones causing hypothyroidism 

 

Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor or neoplasm which arise from either follicular or parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland it is uncommon cancer which affect women more than men ,there are several types of thyroid cancer and different methods of treatment

 

What are the causes of cancer thyroid

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EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CONN`S SYNDROME OR HYPERALDOERONISM

Definition

Hyperaldosteronism means increased secretion of aldosterone hormone in the blood which may divided into primary (conn`s syndrome) which is the most commonly caused by an aldosterone - producing adenoma or carcinoma in the zona glomerulosa of the cortex of the adrenal gland or secondary hyperaldosteronism due to stimulation of the renin - angiotensin system from the renal artery stenosis and to low blood flow states such as congestive heart failure and liver cirrhosis

Cause of hyperaldosternisom

Primary hyperaldosternism

Results from autonomous aldosterone secretion which in trun leads to suppression of renin secretion

Most common age 30-50 years

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EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE

EXPLAINING OF ADDISON`S DISEASE OR ADRENOCORTICAL INSUFFICIENCY

Definition

Addison`s disease or adrenocortical insufficiency means inadequate secretion of corticosteroid hormones from the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex of the adrenal gland which may be primary resulting from adrenal disease or secondary as a result of a deficiency of adrenocorticotrophic hormone ACTH

Causes

Primary

• autoimmune disease such as addison`s disease

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EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

EXPLAINING OF CUSHING SYNDROME

Definition 

Cushing syndrome or hypercortisolism it is an endocrine or hormonal disorders which characterized by excessive or increased production of glucocorticoids or cortisol in the circulating blood which due to various causes such as iatrogenic steroids uses when the increased in the glucocorticoids is due to a pituitary tumor it is called cushing disease the cushing syndrome is more common in women than men

Causes of cushing syndrome

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THYROGLOSSAL TRACT ANOMALIES

THYROGLOSSAL TRACT ANOMALIES

In order to understanding these anomalies it should be first known the development of thyroid gland

Development of thyroid gland

the thyroid gland develops from the thyroglossal duct (median bud of the pharynx) during the fourth embryonic week and passes ventrally from the foramen caecum at the back of the tongue to the pharynx just below the position of the developing hyoid cartilage . this line of descend is called the thyroglossal duct thus formed usually degenerates but it is incomplete regression results in the following 

Congenital abnormalities

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Pheochromocytoma

Pheochromocytoma

Definition

Pheochromocytoma are tumours arising from neuroectodermal cells of the adrenal medulla or extra adrenal sites they are found increased frequency in patients with hypertension MEN2a and MEN2b syndrome and von recklimghausen,s nerurofibromatosis

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HIRSUTISM CAUSES AND TREATMENT

HIRSUTISM CAUSES AND TREATMENT

Definition
 

HIRSUTISM

  Is common and often unrecognized it mean excess hair growth  from androgen stimulation in female in abnormal sites like chine similar to men

Virilization

More severe form of hirsutism with accompanying clitoromegaly enlarged of clitores
male type pubic hair
temporal balding
 deepening voice

PHYSIOLOGY OF HIRSUTISM

 Androgens are derived from ovary and adrenal gland
 adrenal gland seceetes dehydroepiandrosterone DHA),dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate(DHAS) ,testosterone

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CLINICAL GENERAL FEATURES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

CLINICAL GENERAL FEATURES OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

Clinical general features of hyperthyroidism can be divided into

A-General Examination

As 1-underweight 2-cutaneous changes as profuse sweating flushed face moist warm extremities (palms are warm and sweating contrary to psychoneurotics in whom the hands are
cold and sweating )falling of hairs ,pretibial myxoedema it is thickening of the skin by a mucin - like deposit nearly always associated with true exophthalmos and high levels of TsAb it is usually symmetrical the earliest stage is a shiny red plaque of thickened skin with coarse hair which may be cynaotic when cold in severe case

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symptoms of toxic goitre or throtoxicosis or hyperthyroidism

 Symptoms of toxic goitre or throtoxicosis or hyperthyroidism

the term thyrotoxicosis is retained because hyperthyroidism as symptoms due to a raised level of circulating thyroid hormones is not responsible for all manifestations of the disease
 
Causes

the incidence of the disease is more common in female than male main causes is due to autoimmune disease so

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SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY

1. SURGICAL TREATMENT OF OBESITY
    
    Surgical treatment
   
   That after failure of all other methods like diatery changing exercises and activity behavior changes and medical treatment and also in superobseity and if obesity start to make complication so it should be  interfere
   
   

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Management of obesity

Management of obesity

 
 management of obesity

Can be classified into  medical and surgical treatment when we used surgery in obesity? that after1- failure of all medical treatment which  will describe it on details  latter and also when 2- body mass index (BMI ) more than 40 because in these cases obesity threatening the life and can causes major problems

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Causes and measurements of obesity

Causes and measurements of obesity
 
Definition

   Obesity  means 20% or more increase body weight more than normal due to excessive fat deposition in the subcutaneous and deep tissues due to increase activity of fat cells and increase it number obesity can be assessed by the thickness of the skin folds measured by special instruments as 1- lateral aspect of arm =0.9-1.1cm 2- abdomen =1-1.5cm buttocks =1.5-2.5 cm when we can say that person obese or no by method of body mass index (BMI) when become more than 30kg|m squared  BMI=WT in kg /HI in m squared so according to BMI  it can be classified the obesity as BMI=18-20 that is normal BMI=25-30 means overweight BMI more than 30 called obese and BMI over than 50 called super obese what are the problem

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