Causes and types of Thalassaemias

Causes and types of Thalassaemias 

• thalassaemias are inherited disorders of defective synthesis of globin chains in haemoglobin they cause haemolysis anaemia and ineffective erythropoiesis they are found mainly in Africa the Orient Mediterranean ,Asia and the middle East
• There are three types of thalassaemias 1- beta -thalassaemia major(homozygous)2- beta- thalassaemia minor (heterozygous) 3- alpha- thalassaemia 
• beta thalassaemia the most common of the thalassaemias beta thalassaemia minor is the heterozygous state it produces a symptmless microcytosis which may be accompanied by a mild anaemia

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Sickle cell disease or anaemia

Sickle cell disease or anaemia 

Definition
sickle cell disease is a genetic mutation commonly inherited causing changes in haemoglobin structure and altered oxygen binding it may be homozygous or heterozygous (sickle cell trait) the disease has predominance in Africa and is found in India and Middle east clinical problem include 1- haemolytic anaemia 2- vaso-occlusive crises

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Thrombocytopenia from surgical view

Thrombocytopenia from surgical view

thrombocytopenia means a platelet number less than 150,000

• Causes of thrombocytopenia
• platelet production failure as in aplastic anaemia drugs like cytotoxics alcohol viral infections as EBV, CMV  bone marrow infiltration as in leukaemia , myelofibrosis myeloma metastatic infiltration hereditary thrombocytopeniah
• decreased platelet survival as in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP)  drugs like heparin penicillamine gold .infections as in subacute bacterial endocarditis meningococcus , thromboletic

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CAUSES AND TYPES OF ANAEMIA

CAUSES AND TYPES OF ANAEMIA

definition of anaemia
 
is the reduction in the concentration of circulating haemoglobin below the expected range for age and sex ,eg  adult male:<13 g\dl adult female<11.5 g\dl it may be acute or chronic anaemia 

mechanism of anaemia causes 1- decreases production as impaired erythrocyte formation or impaired erythrocyte function 2- increased loss as blood loss either acute or chronic and decreased erythrocyte lifespan eg. haemolysis nb. physiological anaemia occurs in pregnancy due to a relative increase in plasma volume . anaemia may be classified by cause or by the effects on cells when viewed as a blood film

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