best for all medical and surgical blog: gastrointestinal diseases

Showing posts with label gastrointestinal diseases. Show all posts

Showing posts with label gastrointestinal diseases. Show all posts

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Tongue cancer causes diagnosis and treatment

Introduction

The tongue is a muscular structure its surface covered by nonkeratinizing squamous epithelium the tongue has two parts anterior part which include anterior two third of the tongue such as both sides of the tongue and its tip its called oral part or oral tongue which appear when you protruded your tongue outside, cancers occur in this part are called mouth or oral cancers and the second part is the posterior part or base of the tongue which is related to the pharynx and cancers occur in this part are called oropharyngeal cancers

The tongue is composed of eight muscles four intrinsic and four extrinsic muscles and is separated at the midline by the median fibrous lingual septum

What are the causes of cancer tongue

There are many risk factors which may predisposing for tongue cancer these factors such as

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Cancer esophagus upper lower middle thirds

Introduction

Cancer esophagus is cancer or malignant tumor which arise in the esophagus which its muscular tubular structure extended from the throat or pharynx above to the stomach or cardia of the stomach below and responsible for carrying the food and drinking through its length to reach the stomach

The esophagus can be divided into three parts upper third ,middle third and lower third each about 9 cm

also esophagus can be divided according to its location into three parts cervical part which present in the neck and it is about 5 cm and thoracic part which lies within the chest cavity and it is about 20 cm and abdominal part which lies within the abdominal cavity and it is about 2 cm

DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

DISEASES OF BILIARY SYSTEMS

This section will be included most important diseases or disorders of the biliary systems such as gall bladder anatomy function stones diseases and cancer and bile ducts such as the common bile duct common hepatic duct right and left hepatic duct and the cystic duct including the anatomy function diseases and cancer and methods or diagnostic studies of this system as follow

EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

EXPLAINING THE ANATOMY OF THE BILE DUCTS

The extrahepatic bile ducts consists of the right and left hepatic ducts the common hepatic duct the cystic duct and the common bile duct these structures are the system of the biliary channels

http://best-medical-surgical.blogspot.com/2014/01/explaining-anatomy-of-bile-ducts.html

BILE DUCTS ANATOMY

Common bile duct anatomy

The common bile duct is about 7-11 cm in length and 5-10 mm in diameter the common bile duct enters the second part of the duodenum through a muscular structure called the sphincter of Oddi which consists of a thick coat of circular smooth muscle surrounds the common bile duct at the ampulla of vatar it is regulate flow of the bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum and prevent the regurigitation of duodenal contents into the biliary channels and diverts bile into the gallbladder

EXPLAINING OF TREATMENT OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

EXPLAINING OF TREATMENT OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

Introduction

Ascites treatment can be divided into many regimens which either can be used in usual or refractory ascites which most common causes is liver cirrhosis

This treatment can be divided into the following items

As in case of ascites there is salt like sodium and fluid or water retention so the patient need to restricted dietary salt as sodium intake in the diet and also restricted water intake especially in case associated with hyponatremia

EXPLAINING OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

EXPLAINING OF ASCITES OR ASTSGA

Definition

Ascites or astsga means the presence of abnormal fluid which accumulated inside the abdominal cavity or in the peritoneal cavity called ascitic fluid

Ascites is not a disease but it is a sign of many diseases which can causes it such as liver cirrhosis which most common causes of ascites

What are the causes of ascites

There are many causes of ascites such as

Liver cirrhosis

PROBLEMS AFTER GALL BLADDER REMOVAL

PROBLEMS AFTER GALL BLADDER REMOVAL

Introduction

The gall bladder removal is done by operation called cholecystectomy which either done by open surgery (open choelcystecomy ) or by laparoscopy (laparoscopic cholecystectomy

This operation is very common all over the world which done mainly for stones in the gall bladder and most of the patients are recovered postoperative without any complications

BILIARY OR (CHOLEDOCHAL )CYSTS

BILIARY OR (CHOLEDOCHAL )CYSTS

Definition

Choledochal cysts are congenital abnormalities of the biliary channels which characterized by cystic dilatation of the biliary tree which either affected the extrahepatic or intrahepatic biliary tree or both affection which can be present at any age from antenatal periods to late in adult life

BILIARYOE CHOLEDOCHAL CYSTS

BILIARY OR CHOLEDOCHAL CYST TYPE I

Causes

There is no definite causes but theories suggestive that its due to reflux of pancreatic juice into the biliary tree related to the long anomalous pancreaticobiliary channel also weakness of the bile duct wall and increased pressure secondary to biliary obstruction are required for biliary cyst formation

INJURIES OF BILIARY DUCTS

INJURY OF BILIARY DUCT

Causes of biliary duct injuries

Most common causes of biliary tract or ducts injury are iatrogenic causes during abdominal operation of the gall bladder or common bile duct like open removal of the gall bladder( cholecystectomy) or laparoscopic removal of the gall bladder

INJURIES OF BILIARY DUCTS

ANATOMY OF BILIARY DUCTS

Other operation which found to have a role in injury of the bile duct are during mobilization of the duodenum during removal part or all of the stomach by operations called partial or total gastroectomy

EXPLAINING OF SCLERORSING CHOLANGITIS

EXPLAINING OF SCLERORSING CHOLANGITIS

Definition

It is an inflammatory strictures with progressive course which affect the biliary tract either intrahepatic or exttrahepatic or both it is non suppurative cholangitis can lead to secondary biliary cirrhosis and liver failure

Types

primary sclerorsing cholangitis
Secondary sclerorsing cholangitis

CANCER OF BILE DUCT (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA)

( CANCER OF BILE DUCT (CHOLANGIOCARCINOMA

Introduction

cancer of bile duct cholangiocarcinoma

Cancer or carcinoma of the bile duct it is also called Cholangiocarcinoma it is a rare malignant tumour of the biliary channels which arise from the epithelium and it can occur at any site along the biliary tree from common bile duct or its branches which divided into right and left hepatic ducts common site present at the hepatic duct bifurcation

According to the site of the tumor it can be divided into either distal or proximal or perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma

EXPLAINING CANCER OF GALL BLADDER

EXPLAINING CANCER OF GALL BLADDER

Introduction

Cancer of gall bladder it is a malignant tumors of the gall bladder which arise mainly from the innermost layer of (mucosa )the gall bladder

It is rare malignant tumor which occur most common in old age patients but it is aggressive tumour if discovered lately and carry good prognosis if discovered early

It accounts for only 2 to 4% of all malignant gastrointestinal tumors
The patients who undergoing cholecystectomy means removal of the gall bladder for gallstone disease may found incidentally to have gallbladder cancer

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER FUNCTION

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER FUNCTION

Introduction

The gall bladder is that organ which present in under surface of the liver and has pear shaped sac which divided into four parts from above downward fundus body infundibulum and the neck

The gall bladder contain inside it a fluid called bile which it is secreted from the liver and stored into the gall bladder the average capacity of the gall bladder to store bile from 30-50 ml which can be reach up to 300 ml in case of gall bladder obstruction

EXPLAINING OF ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS

EXPLAINING OF ASCENDING CHOLANGITIS

Definition

Acute cholangnitis: is an ascending bacterial infection of common bile duct in association with partial or complete obstruction of the bile ducts or acute inflammation of common bile duct

When associated with kidney (renal) failure, heart (cardiac) impairment, liver (hepatic) abscesses, and malignancies the morbidity and morality rates may be high

is one of the two main complications of common bile duct (choledochal) stones, the other gallstone pancreatitis

. Hepatic bile is sterile, and bile in the bile ducts is kept sterile by continuous bile flow and by the presence of antibacterial substances in bile such as immunoglobulin

DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY TRACT OR GALL BLADDER DISEASES

DIAGNOSIS OF BILIARY TRACT OR GALL BLADDER DISEASES

There are many diagnostic studies which can evaluated the state of biliary tract and gall bladder diseases which facilitated to reach proper diagnosis these diagnostic measures can be classified as follow

Laboratory diagnostic study

When patients with suspected diseases of the gallbladder or the extrahepatic biliary tree are evaluated by

EXPLAINING GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

EXPLAINING GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

GALL BLADDER ANATOMY

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac, about 7 to 10 cm long with an average capacity of 30 -50 mL containing bile

When obstructed, the gallbladder can distend markedly and contain up to 300 mL
The gallbladder is located in a fossa on the inferior surface of the liver that is in line with the anatomic division of the liver into right and left liver lobes

GALL BLADDER

The gallbladder is divided into four anatomic areas

The fundus
The corpus (body
The infundibulum
The neck

EXPLAINING OF ACALCULAR CHOLECYSTITIS

EXPLAINING OF ACALCULAR CHOLECYSTITIS

Acalcular or non calcular cholecystitis

Definition
It is mean acute or chronic inflammation of the gall bladder due to other causes rather than gall stones

Acalculous cholecystitis typically develops in critically ill patient in the intensive care unit

gall bladder anatomy

Risk factors are

Patients on parenteral nutrition with severe burns
sepsis
major operations
multiple trauma
prolonged illness with multiple organ system failure

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONES

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONE

Introduction

Gallstone disease is one of the most common problems affecting the digestive tract The prevalence of gallstones is related to many factors, including age, gender, and ethnic background

Women are three times more likely to develop gallstones than men, and first-degree relatives of patients with gallstones have a twofold greater prevalence In order to understanding the gall bladder stone formation and its types it should be first known the anatomy of the gall bladder as follow

EXPLAINING OF GALL BLADDER STONES

GALL BLADDER STONES

Anatomy of the Gallbladder

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac, about 7 to 10 cm long with an average capacity of 30 -50 mL containing bile

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

ACUTE CHOLECYSTITIS

Definition

That is mean acute or sudden inflammation or infection of the gall bladder which may due to stones in the gall bladder or other causes rather than stones

Types

There are two types either

Acute calcular (stone ) cholecystitis about 95% also called

acute obstructive cholecystitis

Acute non calcular( no stones) cholecystitis about 5% also called acute non obstructive cholecystits

CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

CHRONIC CHOLECYSTITIS CAUSES AND TREATMENT

Definition

Chronic cholecystitis means chronic inflammation of the gall bladder

Types

Chronic calcular cholecysitits due to stones in gall bladder most common form
Chronic non calcular cholecysitis due to other causes than stone in gall bladder less common